Poems Read at Inauguration Ceremonies for US Presidents

Poetry seems so natural an inclusion in public ceremony that you might be surprised to learn that it was nearly 200 years after the very first Presidential oath of office was taken by George Washington before a poet was included in the official inauguration proceedings. There are a couple of 19th-century poems historically associated with Presidential inaugurations in the archives of the Library of Congress, but neither was actually read during the swearing-in ceremony: â€Å"An Ode in Honor of the Inauguration of Buchanan Breckinridge, President and Vice President of the United States† by Col W. Emmons, printed on broadside in 1857.â€Å"An Inaugural Poem, Dedicated to Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee,† from The Chronicle Junior, an inauguration program that was actually printed on a press in a wagon during Lincoln’s inaugural parade in 1865. The Introduction of Poetry in the Presidential Inauguration Robert Frost was the first poet invited to be part of the official swearing-in of an American president when John F. Kennedy took office in 1961. Frost actually wrote a new poem for the occasion, a fact that seems slightly odd considering his stated aversion to writing poems on commission. It was a not-terribly-good poem called â€Å"Dedication† that he intended as a preface to the older poem Kennedy had originally requested, but on Inauguration Day, circumstances intervened – the glare of bright sunlight off new snow, his faint typescript and the wind ruffling his pages and his white hair made it impossible for Frost to read the new poem, so he gave up the attempt and went directly into reciting Kennedy’s request without the preamble. â€Å"The Gift Outright† outlines the story of American independence in its 16 lines, in a triumphant, patriotic tone that brings to mind the 19th-century doctrine of manifest destiny and domination of the continent. As usual, Frost’s poem is aimed at a target less conventional than it first appears. â€Å"The land was ours before we were the land’s,† but we became Americans not by conquering this place, but by surrendering to it. We ourselves, the people of America, are the gift of the poem’s title, and â€Å"The deed of gift was many deeds of war.† At Kennedy’s request, Frost changed one word in the last line of the poem, to strengthen the certainty of its prediction for America’s future â€Å"Such as she was, such as she would become† became â€Å"Such as she was, such as she will become.† You can watch NBC News coverage of the entire 1961 inauguration ceremony at Hulu.com  if you’re willing to sit through ads inserted at 7- to 10-minute intervals in the hour-long video – Frost’s recitation is in the middle, immediately before Kennedy’s oath of office. The next president who included a poet in the proceedings surrounding his inauguration was Jimmy Carter in 1977, but the poem didn’t make it into the actual swearing-in ceremony. James Dickey read his poem â€Å"The Strength of Fields† at the Kennedy Center gala after Carter’s inauguration. It was another 16 years before poetry entered again into the official inauguration ceremony. That was in 1993, when Maya Angelou wrote and read â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† for Bill Clinton’s first inauguration, her reading here on YouTube. Clinton also included a poet in his 1997 inaugural ceremony – Miller Williams contributed â€Å"Of History and Hope† that year. The tradition of presidential inauguration poems seems now to have settled in with Democratic presidents. Elizabeth Alexander was commissioned as inaugural poet for Barack Obama’s first inauguration in 2009. She wrote â€Å"Praise Song for the Day, Praise Song for Struggle† for the occasion, and her recitation is preserved on YouTube. For Obama’s second inauguration ceremony in 2013, Richard Blanco  was asked to submit three poems to the White House, which selected â€Å"One Today† for him to read following the President’s inaugural address. Blanco’s performance at the podium is also posted on YouTube.

Sweatshops Essay - 1367 Words

Free Exchange for Mutual Benefit: Sweatshops and Maitland s Classical Liberal Standard Thomas Carson s article criticize Ian Maitland s arguments in defense of sweatshops, based on Ian s view of the Classical Liberal Standard published in 1997, in the Brithish Academy of Managment Annual Conference Proceedings. Ian s central thesis, is a defence of the sweatshops in the poor countries in the third world, statinig that A wage or labor practice is ethically acceptable if it is freely chosen by informed workers (Carson,1). The global intercontinental coorporation s sweatshops capture the requirements of the CLS and this way they are providing better options and opportunities to the workers in the third world†¦show more content†¦First, I would like to begin with a description of sweatshops. The name sweatshop gives us a pretty clear description of how hard is the labor in these pleaces. More over multinational companies sweatshop are instituted in and only in third wo rld countries such as the ones described in the article - Indonesia, China. These countries are poor and overpopulated, suffering form unemployement, and the limitations of employement and poverty among the people are something common and chronicle, as described in the text. This is a perfect opportunitiy for a big manufacture corporation to build a sweatshop and provide some of the poor people with sweat labor, pretending to give them freedom and options for it, while at the same time they are limiting, their human rights by providing them with sufficient amount of work for more than 12 hours, a day for example.Yes, Maitland give us argumentation, that a begginng worker , earns 5 times more than local wage. Yes, that might be true, but with what cost, this person earn his wage? 20 hours of labor a day, no personal life, limit of freedom? Maitland based on his CLS, states that if corporations are based on this liberal standartization and if it is freely chosen by informed workers there is mutual transactions between both parties, and this way both parties are satisfied. I support the idea of Carsons, that in the Ian s argument, does not bring the etichal issue, or aren tShow MoreRelatedEssay on sweatshops594 Words   |  3 Pages Sweatshops nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As companies grow larger and more competitive, they are looking for cheaper ways to produce their wares and increase their profit. That is, after all, how companies are able to succeed, by giving their customers a comparable product for a cheaper price. This increases sales and the overall bottom line. Which seems to be a beneficial plan for both the companies and the consumers. That is, as long as the consumers don’t know how the product is being producedRead MoreEssay on Sweatshops1080 Words   |  5 Pages Sweatshops in the United States Americans love to shop. With malls everywhere you go, shopping just might be Americas favorite past time! When you are out shopping though, do you ever stop to think where all of those clothes and shoes come from? When I was younger, well, actually until recently, I always thought they were all made by machines. Shirt machines, pants machinesamp;#8230;you get the picture. I have learned, however, that for the most part, clothes are still made on sewing machinesRead More Sweatshops Essay2640 Words   |  11 PagesMany of the factories that the United States buys from are in another countries. In these countries they have horrible working conditions. Working in these places called sweatshops should be banned. Sweatshops are quot;a shop or factory in which employees work long hours at low wages under poor conditionsquot;(quot;sweatshopsquot;). These factories cause problems for their workers later in the workers life. Occasionally these problems lead to death. Many workers do not get to see a doctorRead MoreEssay on Against Sweatshops1143 Words   |  5 PagesSome companies have acceded to public pressure to reduce or end their use of sweatshops. Such firms often publicize the fact that their products are not made with Anti-globalization activists and environmentalists also deplore transfer of heavy industrial manufacturing (such as chemical production) to the developing world. Although chemical factories have little in common with sweatshops in the original sense, detractors describe them as such and claim that there are negative environmental and healthRead MoreEssay about Sweatshops1404 Words   |  6 Pagesin slave-like conditions called sweatshops. Sweatshops have always been prevalent in society, this can be shown by looking at the history of sweatshops. Presently organizations are failing in there strive to end sweatshops, companies are failing to abide by the moral code (apparel industry code), there is an ever growing gap between rich and poor, and consumers are continuing to buy the companies products and remain unaware. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sweatshop is a term for makeshift factoriesRead MoreAre Sweatshops Better Than No Jobs at All? Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesA sweatshop is defined as a factory where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours in unsafe working environments (Oxford Dictionary, 2011). Sweatshops are especially associated with clothing industries, such as Nike, Gap, Walmart, Primemark and other brand names. Sweatshop history begins in 1830 with clothing factories in New York City and London, even then the working conditions were poor, e.g. rat infestation. Since the 1850s worker unions have improved â€Å"sweatshops† conditionsRead MoreSweatshirts to Sweatshops Essay869 Words   |  4 Pages1. In the essay â€Å"Sweatshirts to Sweatshops,† many of the universal intellectual standards are violated. To begin with, the speaker talks about the â€Å"little girl†¦working hour after hour†¦trying not to collapse from the heat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that violates the fairness of the argument. He is trying to manipulate the audience by appealing to their emotional side. This argument is not based in factual evidence, and therefore, could be dismissed by the audience. There may not be a little girl in this exact situationRead More The World of Sweatshops Essay examples1966 Words   |  8 Pagesdecent meal. How thrilling does it sound to work in a sweatshop? This is the only option for most women and children working in the third world, to support their family’s needs. There is very little, if anything being done to resolve this shocking situation. No person should be exposed to this type of work atmosphere. Sweatshops are inhumane working environments. Women and children are most often the ones affected by the cruelty of sweatshops. Child laborers in most countries serve to support theirRead MoreEssay on Sweatshops and Unethical Labor Practices1260 Words   |  6 Pages Sweatshops and Unethical labor Practices Imagine only seeing your family for one day once a year. Having to compete for a ticket home with millions of other workers in order to see your family that you haven’t seen in a year. This is the life of 130 million migrant workers in china. These workers make most of the things we own. Most of us don’t think about the people who make our clothes, our phones, our computers; items that we use everyday. Our way of life revolves on massRead MoreFlorence Kelley’s Description of Child Labor and Sweatshops Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pagesnot play a major concern in the factory owners’ decisions. These factories were not very safe and sanitation was poor. Oftentimes many of these sweatshop workers were found working many hours a day for a long period of time with very little, if any pay. Florence Kelley was a factory inspector who fought against child labor and the existence of sweatshops. Through her experiences and descriptions, we now have better working con ditions and children are allowed to be children. I plan to explain some

Commercially Available Testing Tools Free Essays

Once an application has been developed, the developers must demonstrate that it performs the tasks for which it was designed accurately, reliably and with adequate performance. For this to be fulfilled extensive testing must be carried out and tools have been built to assist with this process. Developers have built different types of tool for addressing different aspects of the same general problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercially Available Testing Tools or any similar topic only for you Order Now The importance of proper testing to detect as many errors as feasibly possible has been driven by the increase of malicious or criminal intent on the part of developers that produce applications with functions that facilitate fraud or other criminal activity (an especial risk to the financial industry). This problem has been addressed by European Community Legislation, increasing the onus on software developers to show that they took all reasonable steps to ensure an application was free of defects and suitable for the purpose for which it was developed. Failure to do so could leave the developer liable to be sued by anyone have has incurred a loss in any business as a result of software collapse. The main types of tool that have resulted as a partial result of this are described below. There are a large number of testing tools that are available, but they all work in very different ways. The main types of testing categories are described below. Tools that analyse source code without executing test cases, but in deriving test cases for the software to be tested. There are three different types used in industry that are described below: Code based testing tools accept source code as input and perform a number of analyses that result in the generation of test cases. This type of automated tool can broken down in to four further categories. The first are Code analysers that evaluate test modules automatically for proper syntax; statements are then highlighted where the syntax is wrong, if construction is error prone or if an item is undefined. The second category is Structure checkers where modules are submitted as input and a graph generated, depicting the hierarchy of modules and tools check for structural flaws, for example, determining the location of loops and branches and how they are used within the system. The third type are Data analysers which review data structures, data declarations and module interfaces, and notes improper linkage between modules, conflicting data definitions and illegal data usage. The final type are Sequence checkers where sequences of events are checked and marked if coded in wrong sequence. Specialised testing languages enable a software engineer to write detailed test specifications that describe each test case and the logistics for its execution. An example of one of these languages is Prolog, that is specifically used for test case generation. Requirements based testing tools isolate specific user requirements and suggest test cases (or classes of tests) that will exercise the requirements. Tools that analyse source code during execution of test cases by interacting with a program as it is executing and checking the path coverage, test assertions about the value of specific variables and otherwise instrumenting the execution flow of the program. They can be either intrusive or non-intrusive. An intrusive tool changes the software to be tested by inserting extra instructions or ‘probes† that perform the activities mentioned above. A non-intrusive tool uses a separate hardware processor that runs in parallel with the processor containing the program that is being tested. Systems can be difficult to test because several parallel operations are being carried out concurrently, which is especially true for real-time systems. Therefore it is difficult to anticipate the conditions and generate representative test conditions. However, dynamic test tools can capture a state of events during the execution of a program and so are often called program monitors, because they watch and report the behaviour of the program. The functions of the monitor are to list the number of times a submodule is called or a line of code is executed. These statistics tell testers if the test cases have statement coverage. Another function is to report on whether a decision point has branched in all directions, providing information about branch coverage. System performance information is also provided, including statistics about particular variables e. g. their first value, last value, minimum and maximum values. Breakpoints can be defined for the system, so when a variable attains or exceeds a specific value, the test tool reports the occurrence. Some tools will stop when breakpoints are reached so that the tester can examine the contents of memory or specific data items, as it is possible to change values as the test progresses. Any information captured during the test can be used to provide information about control flow. Another automated tool, analysers, are similar to monitors, except that they can also evaluate captured data to prescribed criteria. A test coverage analyser records the number of each statement executed during a test step and notifies us if certain routines or statements are not executed. A timing analyser works with predefined areas or memory or code and tracks the amount of time spent in each area as system functions are performed. This type of tracking can be useful during performance testing when timing requirements are checked. Tools that simulate functions of hardware or other externals by presenting to a system all characteristics of a system or device without actually having the system/device available. This is particularly useful if another company is developing part of a system; this part can be simulated to allow you to test your own part. The simulator can sometimes be more useful than the device itself as all data regarding the devices’ state throughout the test can be stored, aiding in error location. Simulators also help with stress and volume testing, since it can be programmed to load the system with substantial amounts of data, requests or users. Generally, simulators give control over the test conditions, allowing you to perform tests that may otherwise be dangerous or impossible. Test management tools are used to control and co-ordinate testing for each of the major testing steps. Tools in this category manage and co-ordinate regression testing, perform comparisons that ascertain differences between actual and expected output and conduct batch testing of programs with interactive human-computer interfaces. In addition to the functions noted above, many test management tools also serve as generic test drivers. A test driver reads one or more test cases from a testing file, formats the test data to conform to the needs of the software under test, and then invokes the software to be tested. The C/S environment demands specialised testing tools that exercise the graphical user interface and the network communications requirements for client and server. This category can be sub-divided into the following functions: Reverse engineering to specification tools which take source code as input and generate graphical structured analysis and design models, ‘where-used’ lists and other design information. Code restructuring and analysis tools that analyse program syntax, generate a control flow graph and automatically generate a structured program. On-line system reengineering tools which are used to modify on-line database systems. Many of the above tools are limited to specific programming languages, although most major languages are addressed and require some degree of interaction with the software engineer. Next generation reverse and forward engineering tools will make much stronger use of artificial intelligence techniques, applying a knowledge base that is application domain specific, i. e. a set of decomposition rules that would apply to all programs in a particular application area. The AI component will assist in system decomposition and reconstruction, but will still require interaction with a software engineer throughout the reengineering cycle. Several testing aids can be combined into one automated tool; a test harness is a monitoring system that tracks test input data, passes it to the program or system being tested and records the resulting output. A test harness can also compare actual with expected output and report any discrepancies. Most test harness tools are environment specific by the nature of the process. Test data set generators can generate test data sets derived from the requirements modelling process. Used in conjunction with test harnesses they will provide a formal documented test environment. In most cases a combination of the above tools will improve chances that a delivered application performs the tasks expected correctly and reliably. All testing tools generate large amounts of information about an applications structure. This information must be interpreted and used to detect and rectify subtle logic and structure error. There is a large amount of interest in producing automated support for this interpretation process; to pinpoint possible problem areas and suggest further lines of investigation. With the exception of Interpreters, that are still in development, the above categories of testing tools are available commercially. There are a large number of products available produced by many different companies, so two case studies have been selected to give an impression of the testing tools commercially available. Where possible, the category of testing tools as described above that each product fits into has been added in brackets after the product name. The current products available from this French company are aimed at user interface testing and there are three product lines. The first, UniTest, is designed to perform unit testing of embedded systems. It can develop test scripts that can run on native, simulator, emulator or target platforms. ATTOL’s second product, SystemTest, automates the production and exploitation of integration and validation tests for systems. Both of these two products can be integrated with ATTOL’s final product, Coverage (test coverage analyser), which is a code coverage tool that is designed to obtain the level of code coverage during the unit or integration testing. TestStudio is one of four products that make up the software development product, Rational Suite. The TestStudio product is itself made up of other Rational Products. Rational Robot provides thorough testing of an entire application, Rational TestFactory automatically detects run-time errors without user assistance and generates optimal scripts for regression testing. Rational Purify locates hard-to-find run-time errors that cause program crashes. Rational Quantify pinpoints performance ‘bottlenecks’ in applications and Rational PureCoverage (test coverage analyser) identifies untested code and provides code-coverage analysis. The nature of many products available is that they perform testing to meet user requirements. To do this they are often a combination of several types of testing tool, which makes it difficult to identify specific categories of testing. However, many of the products available did require the system or application being tested to actually be run, whether on a simulator or real-time, suggesting dynamic testing is used more than static testing. There are however, a huge range of testing tools commercially available, combining many different testing methods. How to cite Commercially Available Testing Tools, Essay examples

Farewell To Manzanar Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Farewell To Manzanar Essay Conclusion I decided to read, Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and JamesD. Houston. This book is about the Japanese internment camps that were set up inAmerica during World War II, and how it affected this particular family. It tellsthe story of the separation of the family members, hardships, and hatred thatthey had to live with during this time period. It also helps to open our eyes to theirony of the whole situation, and how our government can contradict themselvesover some of the issues we were fighting for. The book tells the story from Jeanne Wakatsuki, the main character, pointof view, and how she and her family struggled to make it through this time periodin American History. The book is told from Jeannes own experiences in her owntown, how her peers at school treated her, and what it was like being uprootedfrom their home and being put into the Japanese internment camp of Manzanar. The book with the news of Pearl Harbor, and the reactions from theWakatsuki family. It also begins with her father being taken away for supposedlysupplying oil to Japanese submarines of the coast while he was fishing. It also goesinto some detail on how their neighbors, and people throughout their town treatedthem after the news of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It helps to kind of shed somelight on one particular girls point of view, and how she is confused on why peopleare being so mean to her and her family. the book also goes into some detail on howit felt to be split up from her father and how they felt like prisoners in a countryThe book also gives great detail of life in these camps. This particular bookfocused only on Manzanar, a Japanese internment camp near Mammoth. It givesgood details on their cramped living situations, and how that there was no privacy,and how uncomfortable it was in the beginning. It describes that women used toput boxes over their heads in the restroom, so they didnt have to look at anyone,and it thought it would offer them a little privacy also. It talks about the games,activities, and chores that the children would play to pass the time also. It alsodescribed the mess hall, and the meals that they had to eat over and over. Anotherthing that really was amazing to me, is that the government tried to tell them thatthese camps were for their own protection, yet they were surrounded by barbedDuring the final chapters of this book, the author does a great job ondescribing the tough time the Japanese had returning into society. After theJapanese were released from these camps and allowed to return to their homes,America still held a fear and hatred towards these people. She does a great jobdescribing how hard it was for her to return back into society, and how the peopleshe had known growing up looked at her, and viewed her, and all the comments andreactions that she had to listen to and take form people that she didnt even know. These camps only stopped the bleeding during the war, the after the war theirrelease was like opening the wound again. Executive Order 9066 that President Franklin Rossevelt passed, wasprobably one of America darkest moments. Here is America, fighting a war inEurope, against a German government who has put Jews, and other minorities intosimilar camps. Grant it, these American camps were not death camps, but theymade Japanese Americans live in harsh living conditions because America wasafraid of these people. The government divided families, removed them from theirhomes and lives, and forced them to enter these camps, so that we could sleepThese camps really illustrated the type of atmosphere there was in Americaduring this time period. Most of the Japanese who were put into these camps, wereJapanese Americans, and had never been to Japan, but knew about it from whatthey had heard from others about the country and had some of the traditionspassed on to them from other generations. We segregated these people from oursociety out of fear and hate, from what had happened to Pearl Harbor. In thistime perio d, America had a lot going on, and were fighting a war in both the eastand west. There was fear of a Japanese attack on the west coast, and that onlyhelped create an even more tense situation. So the natural reaction would be fear,but we grouped all Japanese into one category, and allowed our fear to play a majorrole, and not our common sense, and respect of their constitutional rights. .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 , .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .postImageUrl , .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 , .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13:hover , .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13:visited , .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13:active { border:0!important; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13:active , .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13 .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb6b167d7f15f32a00b79dc99ab72a13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gattaca EssayThese camps that the Japanese were put into during World War II werehorrible, and really ruined most of their lives. They will be scarred for the rest oftheir lives with images, and recollections of their time spent in these camps. Manyof these people could not return to society in America and chose to go back toJapan where they felt that they might be able to get on with their lives, and putthe times that they spent in the internment camps behind them. For those whodecided to stay here in America, they were forced to live with the hatred thatsome Americans felt towards them, and to live and work through all of theseproblems that faced them. This was a great b ook, and a very informational,historical reference to a particular Japanese girl struggles during this time. Thisbook clearly illustrated one of the darkest time periods in American history, and atime that many people would like to forget, and wish had never happenedBibliography: